Tichy's Change forces are:

• A. Structural, financial, marketing systems
• B. Technical system, political system, and cultural system
• C. Human resources, operations, and supply chain
• D. Economic, legal, and regulatory pressures

Answer: (B)

Tichy’s Change Forces describe change as something that emerges from three interrelated systems inside an organization: the technical system, the political system, and the cultural system. The technical system covers how work is done—the processes, tools, technology, and task designs that produce outputs. When you change these, you alter efficiency, capabilities, and how tasks flow. The political system involves power, interests, and coalitions—who supports the change, who resists, and how influence is exercised to shape outcomes. Effective change must address these power dynamics and build broad support. The cultural system encompasses shared values, beliefs, norms, and rituals—the underlying assumptions that guide behavior. Cultural change can determine whether new approaches are embraced or rejected, and it often drives long-term sustainability.

If you focus only on the technical side without considering political sides or cultural beliefs, resistance and misalignment are likely. Conversely, actions that consider all three systems tend to align capabilities, power structures, and norms with the new direction, making change more durable. The other options describe functional areas or external pressures, not the internal forces Tichy identified.