What are the two traditional methods of managing?

• A. Command and control
• B. Participative leadership and empowerment
• C. Collaborative governance
• D. Distributed management

Answer: (A)

The main idea is that traditional management relies on centralized authority and formal control. Command means giving clear orders about what must be done, by whom, and when. Control means monitoring how work is carried out, enforcing rules, and taking corrective action to keep performance aligned with plans. This creates a top-down approach where decisions come from the top and are implemented by others, with limited input from front-line workers. The other options describe more modern approaches that emphasize involvement, collaboration, or spreading decision-making, rather than the centralized, directive style of traditional management. Thus, the two traditional methods are command and control.