Which model is described as open-systems and includes Input and Output concepts?

• A. Balogun and Hope-Hailey
• B. Tichy's Model
• C. Open-systems model of change
• D. The Stakeholder Approach

Answer: (C)

This item tests recognizing a model that treats organizations as open systems with explicit input and output flows. In an open-systems view, the organization continuously takes in resources, information, and energy from the environment (inputs), uses internal processes to transform them, and produces outputs—such as products, services, and performance results—back into the environment. Feedback from these outputs informs adjustments to inputs and processes, creating a cycle of adaptation to changing conditions. This focus on external exchange and the concrete Input/Output links is what defines the open-systems model of change.

Other frameworks don't center on this input–output ecology. Some emphasize how to implement change within organizations, others highlight the stages or structure of change, and another focuses on identifying and managing stakeholder interests. While useful, they don’t foreground the environment-driven exchange and feedback loops that characterize the open-systems model of change.