Which three external forces are included in Tichy's Model?

• A. Political, technical, and cultural
• B. Economic, social, and legal
• C. Structural, cultural, and financial
• D. Market, customer, and supplier

Answer: (A)

Tichy's Model identifies three external forces that push an organization to change: politics, technology, and culture. Politics covers regulatory pressures, policy shifts, and power dynamics that force strategic or structural adjustments. Technology refers to new tools, systems, and ways of doing work that require changes in processes and capabilities. Culture involves shifts in values, beliefs, and societal norms that shape how work is approached and how people collaborate. This triad directly captures the external pressures Tichy describes, so political, technical, and cultural is the best match. Other groupings mix factors (economic/legal, structural/financial, or market/customer/supplier) that can influence change but aren’t the specific three external forces Tichy identifies.